We explain the difference between realism and naturalism as artistic movements, their similarities and main representatives.
Realism and naturalism
In the history of art and literature, it is known as realism and naturalism. two aesthetic movements born in Europe in the second half of the 19th century whose main works were pictorial (painting) and literary (novel).
Both openly broke with the aesthetic precepts of romanticism: where the latter idealized and defended the subjectivities of the artist, the first two proposed a model of objective art, which would reflect social reality as closely as possible of the time.
But despite having this trait in common, inherited from the nascent discourses of the natural and social sciences of the time (positivism, Darwinism and the experimental method), they were two clearly differentiated movements, since naturalism could be described as a exhaustive, supreme degree of realism.
Realism was characterized by being abundant in details (for example, in literature, enormous and meticulous descriptions), as a strategy to imitate real life as much as possible. Its mission was to make art with everyday things, using colloquial and credible language, which replicated that used orally by ordinary people, to address issues of social, political, economic and psychological importance.
For its part, Naturalism emerged in 1880 as an extreme form of realism much closer to the scientific discourses of the moment, which proposed to make works that documented the society of the moment, in the most objective way possible, with all its vulgar and sublime, admirable and sordid features. The characters were represented as slaves no longer to destiny, but to their own genetics, following the philosophy of determinism.
We can summarize the differences between realism and naturalism as follows:
| Realism | Naturalism |
|---|---|
| Try to create works that reflect the reality of the artist and his historical era. | Try to create works that document reality in the most objective way possible. |
| He abandons the romantic flourish and tries to recreate everyday life in language. | It goes even further than realism, using highly detailed and descriptive language, which captures reality as objectively as possible. |
| It aims to reproduce the social reality of the time. | It not only seeks to trace the social reality of the time, but also explain it or give reasons for it. |
| It faithfully narrates the lives of characters of all types and social strata, especially bourgeois and lower classes. | He almost exclusively portrays the lower and marginal classes of society, emphasizing their vulgar or grotesque aspects. |
| He portrays characters who are victims of their decisions and of society itself. | His characters are at the mercy of their physiology and genetics. |
Representatives of realism
- Stendhal (1783-1842), pseudonym of Henry Beyle, French novelist considered a pioneer of realism with his works red and black, The charterhouse of Palma and Life of Henry Brulard.
- Honore de Balzac (1799-1850), French novelist and one of the greatest representatives of literary realism, author of books such as Eugenia Grandet, The human comedy, The sap skin and Papa Goriot.
- Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), one of the most famous French novelists of all time, author of the famous Madame Bovary and of sentimental education.
- Benito Pérez Galdós (1843-1920), Spanish novelist and playwright who transformed the panorama of the novel in his country, and had great participation in politics. His most notable works are Fortunata and Jacinta, Doña Perfecta and The madwoman of the house.
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870), English novelist and author of some of the most popular stories in the West, especially for his Oliver Twist, Great hopes, a christmas story and difficult times.
- Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), world-renowned Russian novelist, author of The death of Ivan Ilych, Stories from Sevastopol and War and Peace.
Representatives of naturalism
- Emile Zola (1840-1902), founding father of naturalism and its main exponent, was a French novelist whose most notable works were Therese Raquin, Nana, The joy of living either The human beast.
- Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867-1928), Spanish writer, journalist and politician, whose work represents both realism and naturalism, and includes, among others, the titles between orange trees, Reeds and mud, blood and sand either The four horsemen of the Apocalypse.
- Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), French writer whose work consists mostly of short stories, although he also published six novels during his lifetime. His pieces are known suet ball, Bel-Ami and Strong as death.
- Eça de Queiroz (1845-1900), Portuguese writer and diplomat, considered the great author of realism and naturalism in his country. Among his most notable works are The crime of Father Amaro, The tragedy of Flower Street either Cousin Basilio.
- Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), English novelist, poet and journalist, considered the greatest exponent of naturalism in that country, whose work also allowed us to overcome this movement. His most famous novels are The poor man and the lady, Under the green frond, Little ironies of life and Far from the madding crowd.
- Emilia Prado Bazan (1851-1921), Spanish writer and intellectual who was a pioneer of literary naturalism in her country and in Europe. She was the author of essays, novels, stories and poems. Among his notable works are tell La Tribuna, The pulsating question, The young lady and The mansions of Ulloa.
Continue with: Magical realism
References
- “Realism” at https://es.wikipedia.org
- “Naturalism (literature)” at https://es.wikipedia.org/
- “Naturalism and realism” (video) in Ticmas Educación. https://www.youtube.com/
- “Realism and naturalism” in the Spanish Ministry of Education. http://roble.pntic.mec.es/
- “19th Century: Realism and Naturalism” in the Junta de Galicia (Spain). http://centros.edu.xunta.es/
